Parkinson's is a progressive disease, which means that the symptoms of the illness become worse over time. As is the case with most diseases that affect the brain, the exact cause of Parkinson's is not known, but researchers do know that Parkinson's disease occurs when certain neurons in the brain called substantia nigra are damaged or destroyed.21 These are the cells that release dopamine, which is a chemical that transmits signals between the substantia nigra and another part of your brain called the corpus striatum, 21 and allow your muscles to make smooth, controlled movements. It is believed the cause of Parkinson's disease is a combination of both genetic and environmental factors: 21 Genetic factors heredity may play a role in determining the risk factors for Parkinson's ; Environmental factors unusual exposure to certain unknown herbicides and pesticides can increase the likelihood of developing Parkinson's by three times ; 21 Medications a number of psychiatric drugs, anti-nausea medications and anti-epileptics that are used for a long period of time may cause symptoms of Parkinson's ; Toxins especially exposure to manganese dust or the byproduct of heroin production called MPTP can increase the risk of developing symptoms of Parkinson's.
From the relative effectiveness of inhibition of PGI2 production by celecoxib and piroxicam. Celeocxib is 7.5 times more effective than piroxicam as an inhibitor of COX-2, but 30, 000 times less effective as an inhibitor of COX-1. Piroxicam is a selective inhibitor of COX-1 [17]. Celecoxib, the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug NSAID ; that is a selective inhibitor of COX-2, inhibits both induced and basal COX activity 2080 times more effectively than piroxicam Fig. 4-A and 4B ; . Thus, based on inhibition by these two NSAIDs, COX-2 is the most likely isoform expressed both constitutively and after induction by lactacystin in the presence of TPA in rat liver cells. This conclusion was confirmed by western blot analyses Levine L, Tashjian A, unpublished data.
Table 1 Colony assay of human HA22T VGH hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Data are expressed as meanSE.
Inflammatory drugs NSAIDs ; such as ibuprofen Motrin or Advil ; , naproxen Naprosyn ; , diclofenac Voltaren ; , indomethacin Indocid ; , ketoprofen Orudis ; , rofecoxib Vioxx ; or meloxicam Mobicox ; before taking this medication. Celecooxib can interact with many different medications, including several nonprescription products. Tell your doctor or pharmacist about ALL medications you are taking before starting on this medication. Do not drink alcohol while taking this medication, as it may irritate your stomach. Do not drive, operate machinery or do anything else that could be dangerous until you know how you react to this medication. You may become more sensitive to the sun while taking this medication. Avoid excess sun exposure, and use a sunscreen with a SPF factor of 30 or greater when you are outdoors. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, or if you have heart disease, kidney or liver disease, high blood pressure, asthma, stomach ulcers or other stomach problems. If you miss a dose of this medication, take it as soon as you remember. However, if it is time for the next dose, do not double the dose. Store this medicine in a cool dry place. Keep out of reach of children.
This continuing education activity was sponsored by The University of Florida College of Pharmacy, produced by Drug Topics, a publication of Advanstar Medical Economics, and made possible by an unrestricted educational grant from Duramed Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Program Release Date: Program Expiration Date: February 20, 2006 February 29, 2008.
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Principal Investigator, Astra-Merck study, "Multicenter open-label long-term safety study of H199 18 40mg in subjects with healed erosive esophagitis, " 9 97-9 98 Principal Investigator, Glaxo-Wellcome Protocol S3BA3003, "A twelve-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the quality of life and safety associated with the long-term use of alosetron GR68755 ; in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome, " 11 97-8 98 Principal Investigator, Cell Pathways, Inc. Clinical Trial, "A randomized, multicenter, doseresponse, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to determine the efficacy in causing polyp regression and the safety of FGN-1 in patients with sporadic adenomatous polyps of the colon, " 3 98-9 00 Recipient of unrestricted grant by Schering-Oncology Biotech, "Intron A + Ribavirin + Amantadine versus Intron A + Ribavirin for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C not previously treated with interferon: a randomized trial." original research-pilot study ; September, 1998-present Principal Investigator, "Use of Infergen in Hepatitis C patients who have not responded to Interferon Ribavirin." Amgen, Inc. protocol #980170, March, 1999-July 2000 Principal Investigator, "A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study of subcutaneously administered rh IL-11 in patients with active Crohn's disease not treated with prednisone." Genetics Institute C9853-14, July 1999 April 2001 Principal Investigator, "A 24-week randomized, open-label study of health care resource use, quality of life, and productivity with alosetron 1 mg twice daily versus traditional therapy in females with non-constipated irritable bowel syndrome S3B30020 ; ." Glaxo-Wellcome, December 1999 October 2000 Principal Investigator, "An observational study to assess prevalence, natural history, and burden of illness of IBS in clinical practice and to evaluate the impact of alosetron treatment on natural history and burden of illness on a cohort of females whose predominant bowel symptom is diarrhea." Glaxo Wellcome # S3B40032, March 2000-October 2000 Principal Investigator, "Retrospective Review of Ischemic Colitis in Gastroenterology and Multi-Specialty Practices over a 5-Year Period." Sponsored by Glaxo Wellcome, June 2000 Principal Investigator, "Prevention of Sporadic Colorectal Adenomas with Celecoxib." Kendle Searle Protocol IQ4-99-02-005. In conjunction with the National Cancer Institute Protocol No. 1CN-95015, April 2000-present Sub Investigator, "Comparative Efficacy Study of Esomeprazole Magnesium 40 mg QD ; and Lansoprazole 30 mg QD ; in Patients with Erosive Esophagitis." Astra-Zeneca Protocol 267, July 2000 December 2000.
Electrolyte tests from online health information, health articles, health tips encyclopedia jump to: navigation , search definition electrolytes are positively and negatively charged molecules, called ions, that are found within cells, between cells, in the bloodstream, and in other fluids throughout the body and
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4- benzenesulfonamide compound 4 ; celecoxib was treated with diluted hno 3 2 mol l and concentrated h 2 so give the nitration product then the nitro group was reduced to an amino group by 10% pd c and h 2 to obtain compound to introduce one methyl group on the n atom of the amino group, the n-formyl amine was obtained by the n -formylation of compound 4 with formic acid, then it was reduced by lithium aluminum hydride lialh 4 ; to give the desired n -monomethyl aromatic amine compound 5 scheme 1, c-e.
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03 11 2004--Announced financial results for the first quarter ended January 31, 2004. Net loss for the three-month period ended January 31, 2004 was $8.3 million, or $0.20 per share compared with $6.5 million or $0.24 per share a year ago. The increase is largely the result of higher R&D expenses relating to greater levels of clinical trial activity. 02 11 2004--Provided an update on the progress of its clinical development programs at its Annual Meeting of Shareholders at the Vogue Hotel in Montreal, Canada, where the Company outlined the next series of significant milestones for its drug development programs. With respect to the DACTM: GLP-1 program, ConjuChem's Phase II monotherapy trial continues to rapidly enroll patients in both Europe and North America and remains on schedule to have main results available before the end of June 2004. Also, concerning its DACTM: GLP-1 program, the Company has decided to accelerate the start of its second Phase II trials, a combination study that will see Type 2 patients treated with both DACTM: GLP-1 and other commonly prescribed diabetic medications. The Company also confirmed that its next compound to enter human clinical testing will be DACTM: GRF, developed to treat growth hormone deficient patients, such as those with short stature syndrome, AIDS, or the critically ill. Based on very solid pre-clinical results, a Phase I trial is expected to start enrolment in the second quarter of calendar 2004. 01 12 financial results for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2003. ConjuChem's net loss for the twelve-month period ended October 31, 2003 was $28.1 million, or $0.92 per share, compared with $37.6 million, or $1.38 per share, a year ago. During the year, the Company was able to significantly strengthen its balance sheet by raising gross proceeds of $37 million in two separate financings. As at October 31, 2002, the balance sheet reflected cash, cash equivalents and investments totaling $45.3 million. 11 03 2003--Announced that under the terms of its bought deal financing completed on October 6, 2003, the underwriters syndicate led by Orion Securities Inc. and including Sprott Securities Inc. and BMO Nesbitt Burns Inc., has exercised, in full, its over-allotment option. Accordingly, ConjuChem has issued an additional 780, 000 common shares at a price of $4.15, for gross proceeds of $3, 237, 000. The exercise of the over-allotment option increases total gross proceeds from the offering to approximately $24.9 million. 10 27 2003--Announced it has begun European enrolment in its first Phase II trial for DACTM: GLP-1, developed to treat Type 2 diabetes. This monotherapy study at sites in North America will generate data from no less than 150 evaluable diabetic patients. The study is designed to assess the reduction of the HbA1c level after three months of treatment and determine the optimum subcutaneous dosage regimen. Results from this study are expected before the end of June 2004. 10 27 the successful completion of a Phase I II single dose trial with an IV formulation of DACTM: GLP-1. All primary endpoints were met. The study's safety, tolerability and pharmacokinectic pharmacodynamic parameters were consistent and similar to those reported from the subcutaneous dosing in Phase I II trials reported on August 21, 2003. The MTD was not reached as a function of the drug being well tolerated, even at the highest dose level of 12 mcg kg. 09 16 2003--Announced financial results for the third quarter of fiscal 2003 ended July 31, 2003. The Company's net loss for the quarter was $6.7 million or $0.22 per share compared to $9.4 million or $0.34 per share for the same period last year. Net loss for the nine-month period ended July 31, 2003 was $20.0 million or $0.70 per share compared to $26.4 million or $0.97 for the same period a year ago. 08 21 2003--Announced positive clinical results from its proprietary DACTM: GLP-1 compound indicated for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. The data came from the completion of a Phase I II multidose clinical trial and re-challenge study to assess the compound's absence of immunogenicity. The Phase I II primary endpoints were met: a statistically significant reduction in the average mean daily glucose level, a statistically significant reduction in the fasting glucose level, and the complete absence of adverse immune responses. The compound was well tolerated by patients at all dosing levels.
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Differ significantly in the CV deaths or stroke.15 Subsequently, randomized controlled studies published in 2005 have demonstrated an increased risk of CV events with 3 COX-2selective inhibitors placebo-controlled trials. These include the Adenomatous Polyp Prevention on Vioxx APPROVe ; trial, 16 studies of parecoxib valdecoxib in patients after coronary artery bypass graft CABG ; surgery, 17 and the Adenoma Prevention with Celecoxibb APC ; trial.18 In the APPROVe trial N 2, 586 ; , patients with a history of colorectal adenomas were randomized to receive either rofecoxib 25 mg day ; or placebo. The study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of rofecoxib in reducing the risk of recurrent adenomatous polyps; CV events were part of the safety assessment. In this study, a 1.9-fold increase in risk of thrombotic events was noted in patients assigned to the rofecoxib group 25 mg day ; compared with placebo.16 Figure 2 ; This divergence in event rates did not.
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Reevaluation of studies mandated in addition, fda announced that it was requiring evaluation of all prevention studies that involve the cox-2 selective agents celebrex ceoecoxib ; and bextra valdecoxib ; to ensure that adequate precautions are implemented in the studies and that local institutional review boards reevaluate them in light of the new evidence that these drugs may increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.
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Statewide Pharmacy and Therapeutics 11 22 2002 Formulary Class Review COX-2 Inhibitors Celec0xib Celebrex, Pharmacia Pfizer ; Rofecoxib Vioxx, Merck ; Valdecoxib Bextra, Pharmacia Pfizer ; INTRODUCTION Pain is the most common complaint among patients seeking medical attention. Nine in ten American adults experience pain at least once a month. Arthritis, dysmenorrhea, and dental procedures are common, nonmalignant causes of pain. Osteoarthritis, the most common type of arthritis, affects more than 20 million Americans compared to rheumatoid arthritis, which affects 2.1 million Americans. Osteoarthritis is characterized by a progressive loss of cartilage from weight-bearing joints and hand joints. Conversely, rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic disease of the peripheral joints characterized by inflammation of the joint lining, cartilage destruction, and bone erosion. Dysmenorrhea, pain associated with menses that is severe enough to limit usual activities or require medical intervention, affects 30%-60% of all adolescent females and a smaller percentage of young adult women. Approximately 23.3 million dental and surgical procedures are performed in the US each year. Most are performed on an outpatient basis resulting in only mild pain, however, some cause more severe, prolonged pain. All types of pain listed above are more common in females than males, except dental pain. There are many non-pharmacological and pharmacological options in the management of this type of pain including opioid analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory NSAIDS ; drugs. Adverse effects can be a problem with opioid analgesics, including sedation, falls in the elderly, interference with ADL's, and the risk of physical dependence. Traditional NSAIDS are currently widely used, but gastrointestinal toxicity causes substantial morbidity and mortality. With the development of more preferential COX-2 enzyme inhibitors, etodolac, meloxicam and nabumetone, and the specific COX-2 inhibitors, celecoxib, rofecoxib, and valdecoxib, the risk for GI toxicity had decreased. But these newer agents are not completely rid of GI side effects. A report submitted to the United States Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Events Reporting System database, rep rted 73 fatal cases due to GI bleed up to 2000. INDICATIONS Celecoxib, rofecoxib, and valdecoxib are indicated for use in the relief of the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis in adults, and for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. In addition, celecoxib and refocoxib are indicated for the management of acute pain in adults. Finally, celecoxib is indicated to reduce the numbers of adenomatous colorectal polyps in familial adenomatous polyposis FAP ; , as an adjunct to usual care e.g. endoscopic surveillance, surgery ; . PHARMACOLOGY Celecoxib, rofecoxib, and valdecoxib are highly selective for cyclooxygenase-2 COX-2 ; . COX-2 is an inducible enzyme that ordinarily is present in most tissues and platelets at a.
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