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References 1. Glaser M. Annual Rx survey hats off. Drug Topics. 1995; 139: 43-48. Olfson M, Klerman GL. The treatment of depression: prescribing practices of primary care physicians and psychiatrists. J Fam Pract. 1992; 35: 627635. Beardsley RS, Gardocki GJ, Larson DB, Hidaldo J. Prescribing of psychotropic medication by primary care physician and psychiatrists. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988; 45: 1117-1119. Olfson M, Klerman GL. Trends in the prescription of psychotropic medications: the role of physician specialty. Med Care. 1993; 31: 559-564. Zarin DA, Pincus HA, Mclntyre JS. Practice guidelines. J Psychiatry. 1993; 150: 175-177. Depression Guideline Panel. Depression in Primary Care. Rockville, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research; 1993. 7. American Psychiatric Association. Practice Guidelines. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc; 1996. 8. Weintraub M, Singh S, Byrne L, Maharaj K, Guttmacher L. Consequences of the 1989 New York State triplicate benzodiazepine prescription regulations. JAMA. 1991; 266: 2392-2397. Glass RM. Benzodiazepine prescription regulation: autonomy and outcome. JAMA. 1991; 266: 24312433. Pincus HA, Zarin DA, West JC. Peering into the black box: measuring outcomes of managed care. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996; 53: 870-877. McLemore T, Delozier J. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 1985 Summary. Hyattsville, Md: National Center for Health Statistics; 1987. 12. Woodwell DW, Schappert SM. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 1993 Summary: Advance Data From Vital and Health Statistics. Hyattsville, Md: National Center for Health Statistics; 1995. 13. Schappert SM. National Ambulatory Medical.

Differentiation between gaseous and solid microemboli in vivo is of utmost importance and would provide exciting new insights to the pathophysiology of stroke. Although the principle of the dualfrequency technique appears striking, the reliability of discrimination reported in the recent article is disappointing. Our own experience with the EmboDop system unfortunately supports these observations. We performed transcranial Doppler monitoring of the left middle cerebral artery in 22 patients during coronary artery bypass grafting CABG ; using the EmboDop device. Standard machine parameters were used during data recording and offline evaluation. Digital Doppler data were then reevaluated offline by an experienced investigator according to the consensus criteria published in 1998.2 The observer was blinded to the results of the automatic micro embolic signal MES ; detection. A subset of Doppler data was additionally evaluated by a second observer to determine interobserver reliability. Interobserver agreement was acceptable; 92 of 96 MES 95.8% ; were identified concordantly by both observers, because fluticasone price. Rhinitis is of interest. In a review of the medical literature, The Medical Letter consultants concluded in October 2005 that comparative studies with oral antihistamines and intranasal steroids are necessary, particularly since these 2 categories of therapeutic alternatives cost less than montelukast.49 The evidence of the value of montelukast in patients with a history of both allergic rhinitis and asthma is confined to a single randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled study in 52 patients with symptoms provoked by exposure to cats.50 Nathan et al. randomized 863 adult and adolescent patients who received combination fluticasone propionate salmeterol FSC ; to receive either blinded fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray FPANS ; 200 mcg per day or montelukast 10 mg per day or placebo.51 Montelukast was found to be inferior to FPANS in control of allergic rhinitis in these patients with persistent asthma treated with FSC, and the addition of either montelukast or FPANS resulted in no additional improvements in overall asthma control compared with FSC alone. These clinical data from the RCT performed by Nathan et al. in a large sample of patients with persistent asthma appear to add support to the challenge to the economic value of montelukast brought by Heaton et al. in this issue of JMCP. The evidence continues to evolve. Frederic R. Curtiss, PhD, RPh, CEBS Editor-in-Chief fcurtiss amcp.
Medical services health information appointments education and research jobs about fluticasone nasal route ; drug information provided by: micromedex article sections us brand names description before using proper use precautions side effects back to top us brand names back to top description fluticasone belongs to the family of medicines known as corticosteroids cortisone-like medicines.
Correspondence: V. Craig Jordan, Ph.D., D ., Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Medical School, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, 8258 Olson Pavilion, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. Telephone: 312908-4148; Fax: 312-908-1372. Accepted for publication February 18, 1998. AlphaMed Press 1083-7159 98 $5.00 0. Table 1 Characteristics of wild-type human 1- and 2-receptors, and mutants of the 1-adrenergic receptor. Values are means from 3-6 experiments. 1 2 V120L L154V I185V D212N K253R F362L KD ; 38.5 16.7 13.9 confidence limits 26.6 55.9 9.1 Bmax SEM fmol mg ; 398 84 124 and advil. Table 1. Protocol-Specified Definitions and Adjudication Criteria for Ulcer Complications. Manufactured by: glaxosmithkline inc 1 aerosol with propellants ; 50mcg ds $4 52 usd - flovent inhaler fluticasone ; a valid prescription is required and theophylline.

Advertisement as in the earlier adult studies, fluticasone was well tolerated and demonstrated a good safety profile. Therapy of congestive heart failure the medical management of animals with chf is aimed at reversing or controlling the deleterious effects of the underlying disease and albenza!


Djukanovic R, Wilson SJ, Kraft M, et al. Effects of treatment with anti-immunoglobulin E antibody omalizumab on airway inflammation in allergic asthma. J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004; 170: 583593. Evans DJ, Taylor DA, Zetterstrom O, et al. A comparison of lowdose inhaled budesonide plus theophylline and high-dose inhaled budesonide for moderate asthma. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337: 14121418. Fernandez C, Busse W, Reisner C, Gupta N. Clinical data do not suggest a causal relationship between omalizumab therapy and cancer. Presentation in San Diego; May 23, 2005. Foradil Aerolizer formoterol fumarate inhalation powder ; [prescribing information]. Kenilworth, N.J.: Schering Corp. 2002. Goldman M, Rachmiel M, Gendler L, Katz Y. Decrease in asthma mortality rate in Israel from 19911995: is it related to increased use of inhaled corticosteroids? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000; 105 1 Pt 1 ; 7174. Hochhaus G. New developments in corticosteroids. Proc Thorac Soc. 2004; 1: 269274. Howell J. Roger Altounyan and the discovery of cromolyn sodium cromoglycate ; . J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005; 115: 882885. IMS Health. National Sales Perspectives. Plymouth Meeting, Pa.: IMS Health. 2005. Kaliner M, Crivera C, Szwarcberg J, et al. Physician responses to oropharyngeal adverse events caused by inhaled corticosteroids in adults with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005; 115: S209. Abstract 831. Kavuru M, Melamed J, Gross G, et al. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate combined in a new powder inhalation device for the treatment of asthma: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000; 105: 11081106. Kavuru MS, Subramony R, Vann AR. Antileukotrienes and asthma: alternative or adjunct to inhaled steroids? Cleve Clin J Med. 1998; 65: 519525. Kelly HW. Potential adverse effects of the inhaled corticosteroids. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003; 112: 469478. Le TT, Bilderback A, Bender B, et al. Inhaled corticosteroid beliefs and treatment adherence in patients with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005; 115: S272. Abstract 1086. Malmstrom K, Rodriguez-Gomez G, Guerra J, et al. Oral montelukast, inhaled beclomethasone, and placebo for chronic asthma: a randomized, controlled trial. Montelukast Beclomethasone Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1999; 130: 487495. Molimard M, Le Gros V. Oropharyngeal disorders with inhaled corticosteroids CONFORT Study ; . Presented at: American Thoracic Society International Conference, Orlando, Fla.; May 23, 2004. NAEPP National Asthma Education and Prevention Program ; Expert Panel. NAEPP Expert Panel Report: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of AsthmaUpdate on Selected Topics 2002. Bethesda, Md.: National Institutes of Health. July 2002. NIH Publication No. 02-5075. Available at: : nhlbi.nih.gov guidelines asthma execsumm . Accessed Sept. 30, 2005. O'Connor RD, Nelson H, Borker R, et al. Cost effectiveness of fluticasone propionate plus salmeterol versus fluticasone propionate plus montelukast in the treatment of persistent asthma. Pharmacoeconomics. 2004; 22: 815825. Page CP. Recent advances in our understanding of the use of theophylline in the treatment of asthma. J Clin Pharmacol. 1999; 39: 237240. Palmqvist M, Ibsen T, Melln A, Ltvall J. Comparison of the relative efficacy of formoterol and salmeterol in asthmatic patients. J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 160: 244249. Serevent salmeterol ; [prescribing information]. Research Park Triangle, N.C.: GlaxoSmithKline. 2004. Sharma PK, Malhotra S, Pandhi P, Kumar N. Effect of inhaled steroids on bone mineral density: a meta-analysis. J Clin Pharmacol. 2003; 43: 193197. Sin DD, Man SF. Low-dose inhaled corticosteroid therapy and risk of emergency department visits for asthma. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162: 15911595. Singulair montelukast sodium ; [prescribing information]. Whitehouse Station, N.J.: Merck & Co. 2005. Smith CL, Kreutner W. In vitro glucocorticoid receptor binding and transcriptional activation by topically active glucocorticoids. Arzneim-Forsch Drug Res. 1998; 48: 956960. Suissa S, Ernst P, Benayoun S, et al. Low-dose inhaled corticosteroids and the prevention of death from asthma. N Engl J Med. 2000; 34: 332336. Szczeklik A, Stevenson DD. Aspirin-induced asthma: advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003; 111: 913921. Solr M, Matz J, Townley R, et al. The anti-IgE antibody omalizumab reduces exacerbations and steroid requirement in allergic asthmatics. Eur Respir J. 2001; 18: 254261. Szefler SJ, Martin RJ, King TS, et al. Significant variability in response to inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002; 109: 410418. Weissler JC. Syndromes of severe asthma. J Med Sci. 2000; 319: 166176. Wennergren G, Kristjansson S, Strannegard IL. Decrease in hospitalization for treatment of childhood asthma with increased use of anti-inflammatory treatment, despite an increase in prevalence of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996; 97: 742748. Xolair omalizumab ; [prescribing information]. South San Francisco, Calif.: Genentech. 2003. Zyflo zileuton ; [prescribing information]. North Chicago, Ill.: Abbott Laboratories. 2003. I have been on this drug for 4 years and continue to have this problem and albendazole.
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SALCATONIN AMP. 50 IU ML SALCATONIN NASAL SPRAY 100 IU DS SALCATONIN NASAL SPRAY 200 IU SALCATONIN NASAL SPRAY 200 IU SALICYLIC ACID + LACTIC ACID + POLIDOCANOL SOL 10 ML ; SALICYLIC ACID + LACTIC ACID SOL 15 ML ; SALICYLIC ACID OINT 25 % 15 G ; SALMETEROL + FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE ACCUHALER 100 MCG SALMETEROL + FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE ACCUHALER 250 MCG SALMETEROL + FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE EVOHALE 125 MCG SALMETEROL + FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE EVOHALE 50 MCG SALOL ET MENTHOL MIXTURE MXT 180 ML ; SAQUINAVIR CAP 200 MG SELEGILINE TAB 5 MG SELENIUM SHPO 2.5 % 1000 ML ; SELENIUM SHPO 2.5 % 120 ML ; SELENIUM SHPO 2.5 % 30 ML ; SELENIUM SHPO 2.5 % 60 ML ; SENNA CAP. Precautions while using this medication make sure you know how you react to this medicine before you drive, use machines, or do anything else that requires concentration and spironolactone.

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Rug abuse is a major social and medical problem and has become a significant cause of stroke, especially in young adults.1 Cocaine is already a commonly used drug, and its new form, "crack, " has an enhanced risk of cerebrovascular complications. Because cocaine is now used in nearly epidemic proportions throughout the United States2 and because crack is a high-potency, essentially pure form of cocaine, it is timely to review the known consequences of this drug on the cerebral and cardiac vasculature, for example, fluticasone brand.
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PRODUCTION Live from the Met after its best years. The single, massive set follows every convention in drab colors and literal treatment. Costumes are similarly colorless. Action is in the ancient style: direct and non-relational. PERFORMANCES Levine enlarges the dramatic content without allowing the pace to lag. The orchestra performs at its usual admirable level. Scotto's shrill voice and dowdy appearance cannot enhance the rle, but are not unacceptable. Macneil looks and acts the part well and his rough tone and sloppy technique are acceptable. Moldoveanu offers neither subtlety nor grace in a role that demands neither. The supporting cast manages the same style with superior voices. TECHNICAL COMMENTS Video is better than its age would suggest, aided by augmented lighting which makes details clear. Pre-HiFi monaural sound is adequate for the straightforward reading and blunt singing. Video direction is outstanding. In all, this performance is superior to the Scala, but far short of the work's modest potential and glimepiride. Montelukast, Compared With Fluticasone, for Control of Asthma Among 6- to 14-Year-Old Patients With Mild Asthma: The Mosaic Study Garcia Garcia ML, Wahn U, Gilles L, Swern A, Tozzi CA, Polos P. Pediatrics. 2005; 116: 360.

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Cloning of mouse Rev3 for studying in Rev3-deficient cells Karin Eriksson, Clinical Immunology, University of Gteborg Translesional DNA synthesis is a mechanism to continue strand extension if the replication fork is blocked by DNA damage. This enables the cell to complete replication and to enter mitosis, but the process sometimes result in the appearance of mutations. Polymerase is a DNA polymerase involved in translesional DNA synthesis that is conserved among all eukaryotic species. It is built up of the Rev3 and Rev7 proteins, with Rev3 being the catalytic subunit. Both subunits were first identified in yeast, and its role in translesional synthesis has been studied in several non-mammalian systems. It has however so far been difficult to study the function of Rev3 in mammalian cells. Mice embryos lacking Rev3 are aborted halfway through pregnancy, and no mammalian cell lines completely lacking the protein have been described. The recent establishment of fibroblast cell lines deficient for Rev3 as well as for p53 Zander and Bemark ; has thus opened the possibility of further characterization of the function of polymerase in mammalian cells. In this work, I have cloned the Rev3 and the p53 genes from wild type mice and tried to over-express these proteins in the Rev3-deficient cells to see what effect this will have on the cells. I have also tried to make a report plasmid that could be used to study the DNA repair in these cells. Hopefully, continuation of this work will lead to a better understanding of the role of Rev3 in mammalian cells and anacin!
When comparing the data of hfa-fluticasone with proventil hfa and qvar, it can also be demonstrated that a superior mdi is not solely the result of the use of hfas in place of cfcs. Atenolol 25, 50, 100 mg Benazepril 10, 20, 40 mg Benazepril HCTZ Bupropion SR 150 mg Chlorthalidone 25, 50 mg Citalopram 20, 40 mg Diclofenac Sodium EC 25, 50, 75 mg Doxazosin 1, 2, 4, mg Enalapril 2.5, 5, 10, mg Enalapril HCTZ Famotidine 20, 40 mg Fluoxetine 10, 20, 40 mg Tluticasone nasal spray 50 mcg Glipizide 5, 10 mg Glyburide 1.25, 2.5, 5 mg Hydrochlorothiazide 25, 50, 100 mg Ibuprofen 800 mg Lisinopril 10, 20, 30, mg Lisinopril HCTZ Loratadine 10 mg Lovastatin 10, 20, 40 mg Metformin 500, 850, 1000 mg Metoprolol 50, 100 mg Naproxen 500 mg Oxaprozin 600 mg Oxybutynin 5 mg Paroxetine 10, 20, 30, mg Ranitidine 150, 300 mg and panadol. 57 ; abstract: a process for preparing fluticason3 propionate as crystalline polymorphic form 1 which comprises reacting a compound of formula ii ; or a salt thereof with a compound of formula lch2f wherein l represents leaving group optionally in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst, a water-immiscible non-solvating organic liquid solvent and water is described. 2003; 111: s520-s52 allergic rhinitis: role of medications decongestants: adrenergic agonists oral: phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine; topical: phenylephrine, xylometazoline, oxymetazoline ; stimulate receptors to induce local vasoconstriction decrease blood volume in the nasal mucosa capacitance vessels reduce blood supply to mucosa, decrease mucosal edema, improve nasal patency intranasal corticosteroids beclomethasone, budesonide, flunisolide, fluticasone, mometasone, triamcinolone ; affect inflammatory response by reducing number of eosinophils and mast cells intranasal cromolyn sodium1 mast cell stabilizer ; prevents release of prechemical and newly formed mediators to prevent degranulation dykewicz ms, et al ann allergy asthma immunol and acetaminophen and fluticasone. Health reports ingredient or adverse incidents therapy. Overall probably 80% of asthma deaths could have been prevented if guidelines were followed! Note New drugs in development may produce further improvement in morbidity for the minority of resistant asthmatics but are unlikely to have a significant impact on the management of acute severe asthma. A subset of patients perhaps up to 5% in some tertiary centres ; have glucocorticoid resistant asthma. These patients generally have severe disease and poor symptom control despite high dose oral glucocorticoid therapy. They may have a defect in biochemical response to glucocorticoids e.g. failure of glucocorticoid to suppress T cell proliferation. They need specialist referral. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ANTI-ASTHMA AGENTS: 1. Potency Amount by weight of drug in relation to therapeutic efficacy. It is not usually of great importance. Drugs in asthma are often given by inhalation and there is a limit to how much can be given by this route. New inhaled therapies need to be of sufficient potency for them to be able to be packaged in aerosol or dry powder forms and administered in sufficient doses to be efficacious. The new inhaled glucocorticoids e.g. dluticasone ; are extremely potent. 2. Efficacy Strictly means the strength of response induced by a given occupancy of a receptor by an agonist. More loosely used to mean the therapeutic effectiveness of an agent, and refers to the maximum such effect that can be elicited. The efficacy may refer to a biological marker e.g. change in PEFR or an `end-point' such as admissions with acute asthma or asthma deaths. New agents need to demonstrate superior efficacy without worsening side effects in diseases for which there are alternative acceptable treatments. This usually relates to better symptom control or better efficacy in a subgroup of resistant patients. For example, the leukotriene receptor antagonists are efficacious in aspirin-induced asthma and exercise induced asthma. They also have a steroid sparing effect and they thus help maintain control with a better side-effect profile. 3. Tolerability Refers to the side-effect profile of the medication rather than life-threatening problems. Such issues do not raise a safety concern medications that are not safe do not get registered ; but have a major impact on patient compliance. A good example are the newer inhaled glucocorticoids that have very high almost 100% ; hepatic first pass metabolism and hence very little systemic exposure; tolerability is therefore good. New agents in asthma need to be very well tolerated since very effective and well tolerated treatments are already available. 4. Pharmacokinetic Profile relates to rate at which a therapeutic effect can be produced and the rate at which that effect wears off i.e. rate of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Remember that pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of a drug may be different. Salmeterol, for example, has a much longer biological half-life in terms of effects on PEFR ; than salbutamol although they have similar terminal half-lives in terms of clearance ; . Long half lives are important for oral prophylactic treatment since they provide stable 24 hour blood levels and reduced frequency of administration which improves patient compliance ; . 5. Cost The cost of new medicines is an increasing problem for the health service. It costs about $200 million to develop a new drug plus the costs of all those drugs that don't make it to market. New drugs must therefore demonstrate superior efficacy, tolerability or they will not be used due to the inevitable cost differential over older cheaper drugs. Agents Under Investigation. 1. Immunotherapy and anafranil.
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To compare asthma-related health care resource utilization among a matched cohort of asthma patients using inhaled corticosteroids ICSs ; plus either montelukast MON ; or salmeterol SAL ; as combination therapy for asthma, during a time prior to the availability of fixed-dose combinations of ICS SAL. METHODS: A retrospective analysis using the PHARMetrics patient-centric claims database was conducted for the period preceding the market introduction of combination fluticasone-SAL in September 2000. Patients had to meet the following criteria for inclusion in the study: they had to be between the ages of 4 and 55 years; they had to have been continuously enrolled for 2 years; they had to have initiated ICS MON or ICS SAL therapy between July 1, 1998, and June 30, 1999; and they had to have had either a ; a diagnosis of asthma based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification ICD-9-CM ; codes of 493.xx ; for 2 outpatient visits, 1 or more emergency department ED ; visits, or 1 or more hospitalizations within 1 year or b ; pharmacy claim records that contained a National Drug Code for an antiasthma medication betaagonist, theophylline, ICS, cromolyn, or leukotriene ; 2 or more times within 1 year. ICS MON and ICS SAL patients were matched 1 to 1 age and propensity score. Outcomes included asthma-related hopitalizations and ED visits with ICD-9-CM codes of 493.xx, and oral corticosteroid OCS ; fills and short-acting beta-agonist SABA ; fills. Multivariate regression analyses were performed. Subgroup analyses based on sequential or concurrent initiation of combination therapy were also conducted. RESULTS: A total of 1, 216 patients were matched ICS MON 608; ICS SAL 608 ; . Decreased odds of ED visits and or hospitalizations were observed with ICS MON adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.350.98 ; versus ICS SAL. The odds of postindex OCS fills were not different for ICS MON and ICS SAL patients adjusted OR 1.04; 95% CI, 0.79-1.38 ; . Postindex pharmacy claims for SABAs were significantly higher among ICS MON patients versus ICS SAL patients adjusted relative risk [RR] 1.33; 95% CI, 1.17-1.52 ; , and this difference remained regardless of prior use or no prior use of ICSs. In subgroup analyses, mean change in SABA fills varied by how combination therapy was initiated, with sequential addition of asthma controllers leading to a reduction in SABA fills in both groups. For patients with concurrent initiation of combination therapy, the odds of ED visits hospitalizations were significantly lower in patients initiating ICS MON adjusted OR 0.25; 95% CI, 0.08-0.79 ; . CONCLUSION: In this matched cohort, use of ICS MON compared with ICS SAL resulted in similar odds of OCS fills, decreased odds of ED visits and asthmarelated hospitalizations, but higher utilization of SABA. KEYWORDS: Asthma, Montelukast, Salmeterol, Inhaled corticosteroids, Combination therapy, Propensity scoring, Leukotriene.
Wolraich evid based ment health. By at findarticles - search alert - bad credit guaranteed loan personal blog tag: bad credit guaranteed loan personal technorati tag: bad credit guaranteed loan personal mon, 02 jul 2007 : 30 -0700 article nr 62642 by bad credit guaranteed loan personal mon, 02 jul 2007 : 30 -0700 article nr 62642 each patient should consult his doctor in order to establish his individual dose. Namic diameter of the different formulations ranges from about 1 to 4 For example, particle delivery to the lung may be increased 50% of the nominal dose for QVAR, an HFA propellant solution of beclomethasone dipropionate BDP ; , 3 but remain at 10%20% for HFA suspension formulations such as fluticasone and salbutamol.4, 5 If a holding chamber is used with the HFA solution of BDP, lung deposition remains unchanged.6 However, using a 145-mL valved holding chamber does not change lung deposition, but the oropharyngeal dose is reduced 5-fold. Other ICSs flunisolide, triamcinolone ; have similar deposition characteristics in adults when used without open tube spacers with either chlorofluorocarbon CFC ; or HFA formulations.7, 8 Not all HFABDP preparations are the same. The relative potency for the HFA solution of BDP Qvar, 3M ; in adults appears to be about 2.6: 1 compared with CFC-BDP.1 Using an HFA-BDP preparation delivered via an Easibreathe` Norton Health Care Ltd., London, UK ; , one study in children demonstrated a 1: potency ratio of CFC and HFA preparations.2 However, in children the possibility of inadequate technique could favour the use of a holding chamber to deliver an ICS when using an MDI. In addition the deposition of the HFA aerosol solution of BDP is more peripheral because of its low mass median aerodynamic diameter 1.0 m ; compared with CFCfluticasone 2 m ; or CFCBDP 3.5 m ; .3 To date, the only reported study in children was randomized, but open labelled, and compared HFABDP delivered via a spring-loaded breath-actuated device and CFCBDP delivered via a holding chamber.9 Half the dose was needed in the HFA group to achieve the same efficacy with no differences in growth, adrenal function or bone metabolism markers. In addition, there is little clinical evidence that more peripheral airways should be targeted, and benefit-to-side-effects ratios for peripheral versus central deposition must be determined to substantiate such an approach. In fact, it has been shown that the optimum size of ipratropium or salbutamol in adults is 2.8 m versus 1.5 or 5 m, 10 but it is far more difficult to evaluate the benefit-toside-effect ratio for an ICS. HFAsalbutamol preparations with the same aerodynamic size as CFC preparations have been shown to be equipotent in adults.1113.
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